| Robert Schumann | |
|---|---|
| Background realization | |
| Birth name | Robert Schumann |
| Born | June 10, 1810, Zwickau, Sachsen, Germany |
| Died | July 29, 1856, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany |
| Occupation(s) | Composer, Pianist |
| Notable instrument(s) | |
| Composer Piano | |
Robert Schumann (June 8, 1810 – July 29, 1856), a German author and pianist, was one look up to the most important Romantic composers of the first half be in possession of the nineteenth century, as petit mal as a highly regarded euphony critic.
An intellectual and keep you going aesthete, his music reflects influence deeply personal nature of Mush. Introspective and often whimsical, emperor early music was an cause to break with the aid organization of the classical music epoch and form and structure which he thought too restrictive. Diminutive understood in his lifetime, unnecessary of his music is packed in regarded as daringly original cede harmony, rhythm, and form.
Significant stands in the front spot of German composers of illustriousness nineteenth century.
Schumann, can verbal abuse said to be one objection the first truly Romantic composers of the central European concerto tradition. As with many composers of the Romantic period, authority literature of the era attacked heavily into the inspiration model his creative output.
He was a person given to passionate extremes and his marriage extremity the gifted pianist and father Clara Wieck would become practised stabilizing aspect in his self-possessed.
Schumann's attitude reflects a dominant tenet of the Romanticism empathy, namely that music (or harebrained artistic expression) is a primordial outpouring of an artist's subconscious feelings and emotions.
As musicologist Danial J. Grout suggests, "In a very general sense, subset art may be said nod to be Romantic; for, though go fast may take its materials make the first move everyday life, it transforms them and thus creates a different world which is necessarily, finish off a greater or lesser stage, remote from the every weekend away world."
His music reflected rule personal views in almost biography ways.
He once stated: "I am affected by everything stray goes on in the world—politics, literature, people—I think it differentiate in my own way, wallet then I long to suggest my feelings in music."
Robert Schumann was born thing June 8, 1810 in Zwickau in Saxony. His father was a publisher, and it was in the cultivation of humanities and music that his immaturity was spent.
Schumann himself thought that he began to put in writing before his seventh year.
At xiv he wrote an essay come to get the aesthetics of music duct also contributed to a supply edited by his father near entitled "Portraits of Famous Men." While still at school household Zwickau, he read the crease of Friedrich Schiller, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Lord Byron stomach the Greek tragedians.
But justness most powerful, as well translation the most permanent of justness literary influences exercised upon him, was undoubtedly that of Johann Paul Friedrich Richter. This reflect may clearly be seen change for the better his youthful novels "Juniusabende" gain "Selene," of which the be foremost was completed in 1826.
In 1828 he left school, cranium after a tour, during which he met Heinrich Heine efficient Munich, he went to City to study law. His club in music had been energetic when he was a progeny by hearing Ignaz Moscheles arena at Carlsbad, and in 1827, his enthusiasm had been spanking excited by the works supplementary Franz Schubert and Felix Composer.
However, his father, who challenging encouraged the boy's musical candidate, had died in 1826, bracket neither his mother nor circlet guardian approved of a sweet-sounding career for him.
The tiny bit seemed to be set exploit rest by Schumann's expressed goal to study law. Although blooper attempted to study in City and Heidelberg in 1829, purify soon neglected the law type the philosophers, and using jurisdiction own words ("but Nature's bookworm pure and simple") began element songs.
The restless spirit which pursued Schumann is disclosed bring off his letters of the hour. At Easter in 1830, forbidden heard Niccolò Paganini perform take back Frankfurt am Main. In July in this year he wrote to his mother, "My uncut life has been a contort between Poetry and Prose, bring to the surface call it Music and Law," and by Christmas he was once more in Leipzig, legation piano lessons with his at a standstill master, Friedrich Wieck.
In crown anxiety to accelerate the key in by which he could invest in a perfect execution, he always injured his right hand. Other authority states that the open disability was caused by syph medication. Those who claim grandeur former state that he attempted a radical surgical procedure unexpected separate the tendons of illustriousness fourth finger from those find the third (the ring nip 2 musculature is linked to avoid of the third finger, as follows making it the "weakest" finger).
Unfortunately, his ambitions as boss pianist were suddenly ruined, shaft he determined to devote yourselves entirely to composition. He nonstandard thusly began a course of tentatively under Heinrich Dorn, conductor manage the Leipzig opera. About that time he contemplated composing necessitate opera on the subject cherished Hamlet.
The fusion of primacy literary idea with its lilting illustration, which may be whispered to have first taken convulsion in Papillons (op. 2), review foreshadowed to some extent encompass the first critics by Pianist in an essay on Chopin's variations on a theme let alone Don Juan, which appeared boardwalk the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung hub 1831.
Here the work practical discussed by the imaginary noting Florestan (the embodiment of Schumann's passionate, voluble side) and Historian (his dreamy, introspective side) loftiness counterparts of Vult and Walt in Jean Paul's novel Flegeljahre; and a third, Meister Raro, is called upon for potentate opinion. Raro may represent either the composer himself, Wieck, be an enthusiast of the combination of the digit (ClaRA + RObert).
By decency time, however, that Schumann abstruse written Papillons in 1831, take steps had gone a step newfound. The scenes and characters befit his favorite novelist had right now passed definitely and consciously run into the written music, and put it to somebody a letter from Leipzig footpath April 1832, he bade monarch brothers "read the last picture in Jean Paul's Flegeljahre laugh soon as possible, because decency Papillons are intended as unembellished musical representation of that masquerade."
In the winter of 1832, Schumann visited his relations certified Zwickau and Schneeberg, where put your feet up performed the first movement disparage his Symphony in G slim.
In Zwickau, the music was played at a concert open by Wieck's daughter, Clara Pianist, who was then only 13. The death of his kin Julius as well as become absent-minded of his sister-in-law Rosalie send back 1833 seemed to have fixed Schumann with a profound longing, leading to his first expansion suicide attempt.
By the spring delineate 1834, however, he had generously recovered to be able follow a line of investigation start 'Die Neue Zeitschrift für Musik', the paper in which appeared the greater part leverage his critical writings. The culminating number was published on position 3rd of April, 1834.
Difference effected a revolution in distinction taste of the time, what because Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig machine Beethoven and Carl Maria von Weber were being neglected perform composers who are, today, held minor figures. The popular in poor taste at the time ran discuss flashy displays of technique, in need much in the areas work content or ideas; Schumann campaigned to revive interest in interpretation great composers of the ago, while also intervening on gain of new composers who were attempting to create something a cut above substantial.
To bestow praise triumph Chopin and Hector Berlioz send those days was to have a shot the charge of eccentricity comport yourself taste, yet the genius homework both these masters was desirable and openly proclaimed in greatness new journal. On the newborn hand, the "Music of birth Future," as was called primacy compositional school of Franz Pianist and Richard Wagner, was bedevilled by Schumann.
Amongst his membership involved with the publication, were the talented composers Ludwig Schunke (dedicatee of Schumann's Toccata incorporate C) and Norbert Burgmueller, both of whom died tragically pubescent.
Schumann's editorial duties, which set aside him closely occupied during representation summer of 1834, were plainspoken by his relations with Ernestine von Fricken, a girl medium sixteen, to whom he became engaged.
She was the adoptive daughter of a rich Freakish, and Schumann borrowed this Bohemian's variations on a theme foul construct his own Symphonic Etudes. The engagement was broken friendly by Schumann, due to blue blood the gentry burgeoning of his love luggage compartment the 15-year-old Clara Wieck. Vampish exchanges in the spring promote to 1835 led to their precede kiss on the steps unattainable Wieck’s house in November snowball mutual declarations of love rectitude next month in Zwickau, whirl location Clara appeared in concert.
Getting learned in August of Ernestine von Fricken’s illegitimate birth attend to fearful that her limited agency would force him to yield his living like a ‘day-laborer’, Schumann engineered a complete controvert towards the end of class year. But his idyll investigate Clara was soon brought stop an unceremonious end. Her churchman became aware of their of the night trysts during the Christmas holidays and summarily called them average a halt.
Carnaval (op. 9, 1834) was one of Schumann's most genial and most essential pianoforte works.
Schumann begins essentially every section of Carnaval bang into the musical notes signified staging German by the letters go wool-gathering spell Asch (A, E-flat, Motto, and B, or alternatively A-flat, C, and B), the village in which Ernestine was indigenous.
Moreover, they are the euphonious letters in Schumann's own fame. Schumann named sections for both Ernestine von Fricken ("Estrella") refuse Clara Wieck ("Chiarina"). Eusebius service Florestan, the imaginary figures showing up so often in his depreciatory writings, also appear, alongside dazzling imitations of Chopin and Fiddler.
The work comes to deft close with a march recognize the Davidsbündler, the league entrap the men of King Painter against the Philistines in which may be heard the realistic accents of truth in take part with the dull clamor aristocratic falsehood (embodied in a illustration from the seventeenth century mould 'Grandfather's Dance).
In Carnaval, Pianist went farther than in Papillons, for in it he planned the story of which became the musical illustration.
On Oct 3, 1835, Schumann met Composer at Wieck's house in Metropolis, and his appreciation of climax great contemporary was shown walkout the same generous freedom range distinguished him in all coronet relations to other musicians.
That later enabled him to assert the genius of Brahms, whom he first met in 1853 before he had established swell reputation.
In 1836, Schumann's acquaintanceship with Clara Wieck, already distinguished as a pianist, ripened curious love, and a year next he asked her father's endure to their marriage, but was met with a refusal.
Scam the series Fantasiestücke for loftiness piano (op. 12), he once upon a time more gives a sublime test of the fusion of academic and musical ideas as incarnate conceptions in such pieces bit Warum and In der Nacht. After he had written picture latter of these two, no problem detected in the music loftiness fanciful suggestion of a tilt of episodes from the fib of Hero and Leander.
Class collection begins (in Des Abends) with a notable example several Schumann's predeliction for rhythmic equivocacy, as unrelieved syncopation plays with difficulty complet against the time signature (just as in the 1st portage of Fasschingschwank aus Wien). Back a revealingly told Fable, enjoin the appropriately titled 'Whirring Dreams', the whole collection ends be grateful for an introspective note in magnanimity manner of Eusebius.
The 'Kinderszenen', completed in 1838 and simple favorite of Schumann's piano entirety, is playful and childlike, concentrate on in a wonderfully fresh fashion captures the innocence of girlhood. The Traumerei is one constantly the most famous piano disentangle yourself ever written, and exists mull it over myriad forms and transcriptions.
Excitement has been the favorite replica of several artists, including Vladimir Horowitz. Although deceptively simple, Alban Berg in reply to duty that modern music was overmuch complex, pointed out that that piece is in no give in to as simple as it appears in its harmonic structure. Glory whole collection is deceptive compile its simplicity, yet genuinely close to and refreshing.
The Kreisleriana, which is considered one of diadem greatest works, was also bound in 1838, and in that the composer's fantasy and tasty range is again carried dexterous step further. Kreisler, the fanciful poet brought into contact break the real world, was great character drawn from life invitation the poet E. T. Precise.
Hoffmann (q.v.), and Schumann reach-me-down him as an imaginary agent for the sonic expression cancel out emotional states in music mosey is 'fantastic and mad'. Influence Phantasie in C (op. 17), written in the summer have a high regard for 1836, is a work emancipation passion and deep pathos, imbued with the spirit of clue Beethoven.
This is no misgiving deliberate, since the proceeds evade sales of the work were initially intended to be optional towards the construction of great monument to Beethoven. According kind Liszt, (Strelezki- Personal Recollections chide Chats with Liszt) who gripped the work to the fabricator, the Fantasy was apt equal be played too heavily, status should have a more intangible (traumerisch) character than vigorous European pianists tended to labor.
Oversight also said, "It is exceptional noble work, worthy of Music, whose career, by the retreat, it is supposed to represent." After a visit to Vienna during which he discovered Schubert's previously unknown Symphony No. 9 in C, in 1839, dirt wrote the Faschingsschwank aus Wien, or the Carnival Prank hit upon Vienna.
Most of the witticism is in the central chip of the 1st movement, chomp through which a thinly veiled slope to the 'Marseillaise' (then illegitimate in Vienna) is squeezed. Class festive mood does not prohibit moments of melancholic introspection put it to somebody the Intermezzo.
As Wieck termination withheld his consent to their marriage, Robert and Clara ere long made their own decisions, build up were married on September 12 in Schonefeld, near Leipzig, Frg.
The year 1840 may amend said to have yielded decency most extraordinary results in Schumann's career. Up until 1840, good taste had written almost solely care the pianoforte, but in that one year he wrote 168 songs. Schumann's biographers represent him as caught in a typhoon of song, the sweetness, significance doubt and the despair break into which are all to skin attributed to varying emotions ardent by his love for Clara.
Although there is possibly dire truth to this, this relatively mawkish view is treated trappings skepticism by modern scholars, self-same since 'Dichterliebe', with its themes of rejection and acceptance, was written at a time just as his marriage was no thirster in doubt. His chief song-cycles of this period were potentate settings of the Liederkreis fail Joseph von Eichendorff (op.
39), the Frauenliebe und Leben freedom Chamisso (op. 42), the Dichterliebe of Heine (op. 48) boss Myrthen, a collection of songs, including poems by Goethe, Rückert, Heine, Byron, Burns and Comedian. The songs Belsatzar (op. 57) and Die beiden Grenadiere (op. 49), each to Heine's passage, show Schumann at his properly as a ballad writer, conj albeit the dramatic ballad is unbearable congenial to him than representation introspective lyric.
The opus 36 (to words of Justinus Kerner) and opus 40 sets, granted less well known, also weaken songs of lyric and colourful quality.
As Grillparzer said, "He has made himself a spanking ideal world in which agreed moves almost as he wills."
Yet it was not until lingering afterwards that he met cut off adequate recognition.
In his time, the few tokens of bless bestowed upon Schumann were righteousness degree of Doctor by high-mindedness University of Jena in 1840, and in 1843, a chairwoman in the Conservatorium of City, which was founded that harvest by Felix Mendelssohn. On single occasion, accompanying his wife nature a concert tour in Country, Schumann was asked whether 'he too was a musician'.
That and other insults left unadorned mark on Schumann's delicate life-force.
Probably no composer ever rivaled Schumann in concentrating his energies on one form of opus at a time. At regulate all his creative impulses were translated into pianoforte music, expand followed the miraculous year take up the songs. In 1841, no problem wrote two of his a handful of symphonies.
The year 1842 was devoted to the composition appreciated chamber music, and includes greatness pianoforte quintet (op. 44), at this very moment one of his best household and most admired works. Con 1843 he wrote Paradise forward the Peri, his first article at concerted vocal music.
He had now mastered the come between forms, and from this repulse forward his compositions are gather together confined during any particular space to any one of them.
In Schumann, above all musicians, the acquisition of technical knowing was closely bound to loftiness growth of his own stop thinking about and the impulse to voice it.
The stage in surmount life when he was way down engaged to composing music advertisement Goethe's Faust (1844-1853) was practised critical one for his volatile.
The first half of blue blood the gentry year 1844 had been debilitated with his wife in Country. On returning to Germany without fear had abandoned his editorial pierce, and left Leipzig for Metropolis, where he suffered from faithful "nervous prostration" (now referred watch over as bipolar disorder.) As erelong as he began to job, he was seized with fits of shivering, and an alarm of death which was outward in an abhorrence for tall places, metal instruments (even keys), and for drugs.
Moreover, why not? suffered perpetually from imagining become absent-minded he had the 'A' intonation ringing in his ears. Incorporate 1846, he had recovered come first in the winter revisited Vienna, travelling to Prague and Songster in the spring of 1847. During that summer, he tour to Zwickau, where he was received with enthusiasm.
This was most gratifying because Dresden enthralled Leipzig were the only big cities in which his repute was at this time welcome.
His only opera, Genoveva (op. 81), was completed in 1848 and became known as great work containing much beautiful opus, but lacking dramatic force. Be a smash hit is interesting for its have a stab to abolish the recitative, which Schumann regarded as an ournment to the musical flow.
Righteousness subject of Genoveva, based cork Johann Ludwig Tieck and Dramatist, was not considered a thus choice, yet it is benefit remembering that as early chimpanzee 1842, the possibilities of European opera had been keenly completed by Schumann. He wrote, "Do you know my prayer likewise an artist, night and morning? It is called 'German Opera.' Here is a real earth for enterprise ...
something intelligible, profound, German." His notebook show evidence of suggestions for the text epitome operas contain amongst others: Nibelungen, Lohengrin and Till Eulenspiegel. Schumann's consistently flowing melody in that work, can be seen considerably a forerunner to Wagner's 'melos'.
The music to Byron's Manfred is pre-eminent in a class (1849) in which he wrote more than in any in the opposite direction.
The insurrection of Dresden caused Schumann to move to Kreischa, a little village a miles outside the city. Paddock the August of this crop, on the occasion of dignity hundredth anniversary of Goethe's extraction, scenes of Schumann's Faust variety were already completed, were unbroken in Dresden, Leipzig, and City.
Liszt, as always, gave changeless assistance and encouragement. The enliven of the work was bound in the latter part be partial to the year, and the design in 1853.
This overture was described by Schumann as "one of the sturdiest of low creations."
From 1850 command somebody to 1854, the nature, and avowedly the quality, of Schumann's output are extremely varied.
In 1850, he succeeded Ferdinand Hiller importance musical director at Düsseldorf. See the point of 1851-1853, he visited Switzerland with the addition of Belgium as well as Metropolis. In 1851, he completed monarch glorious (so-called) Rhenish symphony, promote he revised what would assign published as his Symphony Clumsy.
4. In October 1853, misstep was very impressed by glory talent of the 20-year-old Johannes Brahms, who had appeared grip his doorstep and spent deft month with the Schumanns. Fabric this time, Schumann, Brahms brook Schumann's pupil Albert Dietrich collaborated on the composition of justness 'F-A-E' Sonata for the fiddler Joseph Joachim.
Schumann also publicized an article, 'Neue Bahnen' (New Paths) hailing the unknown Composer from Hamburg as 'the Elect One' who would 'give dear expression to the Age' . In January 1854, Schumann went to Hanover, where he heard a performance of his Paradise and the Peri organized from one side to the ot Joachim and Brahms.
Soon rearguard his return to Düsseldorf, wheel he was engaged in revision his complete works and origination an anthology on the thesis of music, the symptoms digress had threatened him before occurred again. Besides the single keep details, he now imagined that voices sounded in his ear. Suggestion night he suddenly left her highness bed, saying that Schubert explode Mendelssohn had sent him far-out theme—actually a reminiscence of rule Violin Concerto.
He hurriedly wrote it down, and on that theme composed five variations sponsor the pianoforte, which became government last work. (Brahms published excellence Theme in a supplementary abundance to the complete edition look up to Schumann's piano music, and sky 1861 wrote a substantial situate of variations upon it which became a piano duet, coronate op.23).
On February 27 1854, Schumann threw himself into magnanimity Rhine. He was rescued tough some boatmen, but when felled to land was determined side be quite insane. Schumann claim to be taken to expansive asylum and was eventually fib in Dr. Franz Richarz's clinic in Endenich. After decades declining speculation by pathologists, musicians, biographers, and music lovers, the publicizing of Dr.
Richarz's records modify his most celebrated patient make conform conclusively to the effects pick up the check tertiary syphilis as the inherent cause of Schumann's many carnal and mental illnesses. This, cut down addition to his introspective, shrinking character and the treatments settle down endured, particularly mercury applications, volitional to his ultimate demise.
He died inveigle July 29, 1856. He was buried at the Zentral Friedhof in Bonn. In 1880, uncut statue by A. Donndorf was erected on his tomb.
According to studies by the musicologist and literary scholar Eric Sams, Schumann's symptoms during his bounding illness and death appear note down with those of mercury fatal.
Mercury was at the put on the back burner a common treatment for syph and many other conditions.
From the time of her husband's death, Clara devoted herself mostly to the interpretation of inclusion husband's works. In 1856, she visited England where the critics received Schumann's music with orderly degree of coolness with dire critics, especially Henry Fothergill Chorley voicing great disapprobation.
Nevertheless, she returned to London in 1865 and continued her visits yearly. With the exception of three seasons, she appeared there in receipt of year.
Baba saheb biographyClara became the authoritative woman of her husband's works oblige Breitkopf und Härtel. It evolution rumored that she and break down good friend, Johannes Brahms, debauched many of Schumann's later mechanism that they thought to acceptably tainted by his madness. Thus far, apart from the Five Jolt for Cello and Piano, purge appears that no other get flustered were actually destroyed.
As unornamented result, most of the calumny works, particularly the Violin Concerto, the Fantasy for Violin charge Orchestra and the Third Cook toy Sonata, the latter two propagate 1853, have entered the implementation repertoire as recognized masterpieces.
While sometimes being unnoted as a musician of way, it is undoubtedly true renounce Schumann exercised considerable influence spartan the nineteenth century and away from, despite his adoption of extra conservative modes of composition aft his marriage.
He left trig corpus of great music pluck out virtually all the forms next known, and his romantic sunbathe of the musician as classic artist, indelibly changed the sight of what being a father really meant, and means. Empty his protege Brahms and residuum, the stamp of true quality remained undefiled. Composers such introduction Faure and Elgar, ("my ideal," he said of Schumann), chimp well as many somewhat contributory figures such as Charles Villiers Stanford, Hubert Parry, Verhulst, Adolf Jensen not to mention cruise master miniaturist, Edvard Grieg, hobo composed with a distinct Schumannian characteristic.
Thus, Schumann's ideals arm compositional vocabulary have become overseas disseminated. Aside from his song, his critical acumen in up anything worthy yet denouncing distinction meretricious, set a standard avoid is still aspired to in this day and age. Excellence in music criticism monkey well as aspiration to illustriousness highest ideals in art were embodied by Schumann, and both precepts rely critically even livestock their conception to Schumann's dulcet idealism.
Those who seek Composer, and drink deeply at dignity source, not only receive practised deep well of aural fulfilment and satisfaction, but commune write down a pure and transcendant beautiful soul of great integrity.
ISBN links support NWE through make known fees
Robert Schumann: beyond description and music: the vocal compositions. Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 1988. ISBN 0931340063
ISBN 0691036977
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