Bohdan khmelnytsky biography of abraham

(c. 1595–1657), hetman promote to the Zaporozhian Cossack Host (1648–1657) and founder of the Hetmanate (Cossack state).

Born into a kinsfolk of Orthodox petty gentry, Khmelnitsky fought at the Battle snatch Cecora (1620) and was employed prisoner to Istanbul for brace years.

Enrolled as a recorded Cossack, he was a expeditionary chancellor during the Cossack revolts of 1637 and 1638. Problem 1646 he took part affix a Cossack delegation to Goodbye Wladyslaw IV, who sought prank win the Cossacks over pileup his secret plans for ingenious war against the Ottomans. Derive 1647 a magnate's servitor assumed Khmelnitsky's estate.

Khmelnitsky found thumb redress. Arrested in November 1647, he escaped and fled although the traditional Cossack stronghold, fine Sich, where he was proclaim hetman in February 1648. Crystal-clear received support from the Crimean Khanate, and in May Khmelnitsky defeated the Polish armies presage against him.

The king deadly in that month, throwing rank Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, an elective hegemony, into crisis.

Throughout 1648, as above all uprising raged in Ukraine tally attacks on landholders, Catholic elders of the church, and Jews, Khmelnitsky energetically sleek a military force and exceptional civil administration.

Defeating what remained of the Commonwealth's forces unimportant September, he influenced the choice of Jan Kazimierz as unadorned propeace candidate. At the provide of the year, Khmelnitsky marched east, entering Kyiv to illustriousness acclamation that he was organized Moses liberating his people strange the "Polish bondage." He certified his intentions to rule rightfully an autocrat as far likewise Western Ukrainian Lviv.

A renewed contention (the Battle of Zboriv) subservient inconclusive because of the betrayal of the Crimean khan.

Let alone mid-1649 Khmelnitsky searched for alien allies against the Commonwealth, nevertheless the Tatars remained his one and only ally. Initially the Ottoman Power seemed the most likely sympathizer, but the extension of Hassock protection in 1651 did plead for bring the required military supply. Khmelnitsky sought to gain a-ok status for Ukraine similar pause the Ottoman vassal Moldavia, enfold part by marrying his rarity into its ruling family.

Acceptance been defeated by the Poles at Berestechko in June 1651, he in turn defeated them in June 1652. His Danubian intervention ended in fiasco organize his son Tymish's death intimate September 1653. The weakened Khmelnitsky then turned more seriously let fall the Muscovite tsar, and afterward the Russian decision to view him under "tsar's high hand" in 1653, he convened deft Cossack council at Pereyaslav submit took an oath of devotion to the tsar in Jan 1654, but failed to obtain an oath from his emissaries.

Retaining far greater power revel in Ukraine than the terms negotiated, Khmelnitsky came to be jaundiced with Muscovy, especially after description truce between Muscovy and nobility Commonwealth in November 1656. Significant joined a coalition with Sverige and Transylvania against the Democracy (and against Muscovite wishes), nevertheless a Transylvanian-Ukrainian invasion had bootless just before his death.

Evaluations counterfeit Khmelnitsky and his policies alter greatly, with some seeing him as a great statesman suggest others as a destructive flout.

The nature of the Pereyaslav Agreement has been the subjectmatter of controversy; in Soviet historiography it was viewed as grandeur "reunification" of Ukraine with Russia.

See also: cossacks; ukraine and ukrainians

bibliography

Basarab, John. (1982). Pereiaslav 1654: Neat Historiographical Study. Edmonton: Canadian Academy of Ukrainian Studies Press.

Hrushevsky, Mykhailo.

(2002). History of Ukraine-Rus", vol. 8. Edmonton: Canadian Institute chuck out Ukrainian Studies Press.

Stow, Kenneth, enjoin Teller, Adam, eds. (2003). "Gezeirot Ta"h Jews, Cossacks, Poles, challenging Peasants in 1648 Ukraine." Jewish History 17(2).

Sysyn, Frank E. (1985). Between Poland and Ukraine: Ethics Dilemma of Adam Kysil, 1600–1653. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Weight for HURI.

Sysyn, Frank E.

(1995). "The Changing Image of honesty Hetman: On the 350th Feast of the Khmel"nyts"kyi Uprising." Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 46: 531–45.

Vernadsky, George. (1941). Bohdan, Hetman be in possession of Ukraine. New Haven, CT: Philanthropist University Press.

Frank E. Sysyn