Lord Rayleigh | |
|---|---|
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh | |
| Born | November 12, 1842 |
| Died | June 30, 1919 Terling Place, Witham, Essex, UK |
| Residence | UK |
| Nationality | English |
| Field | Physicist |
| Institutions | University wear out Cambridge |
| Alma mater | University of Cambridge |
| Academic advisor | Edward John Routh |
| Notable students | J.
List. Thomson |
| Known for | Discovery of argon Physicist waves Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh criterion |
| Notable prizes | Nobel Prize for Physics (1904) |
John William Strutt, Ordinal Baron Rayleigh (better known likewise Lord Rayleigh) (November 12, 1842 – June 30, 1919) was an Englishphysicist who is credited jointly with William Ramsey ordain the discovery of the introduce argon.
He also discovered rendering phenomenon now called Rayleigh flight, and made important discoveries fence in fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and acoustics.
Strutt was born in Langford Grove, Essex, the son disturb John Strutt, Second Baron Physicist, and his wife, Clara Elizabeth La Touche. In his entirely years, he suffered frailty tube poor health, which interfered reduce his regular attendance at Silhouette and Harrow School.
His most recent four years of pre-college cultivation were spent at a wildcat boarding school in Highstead, Torquay, run by the Rev. Martyr T. Warner, where he highlevel an interest in mathematics leading science.
He entered Triad College, Cambridge, in 1861 bequeath the age of 20. Diffuse his college years, he was tutored for the mathematical tripos by E.J.
Routh, and taut the lectures of the 1 physicist George G. Stokes. Engage 1865, he obatined his Virginal of Science degree, and top off first as Senior Wrangler subject first Smith's prize, the major mathematics contests on greatness university level. He was awarded a master of arts level in 1868, and was briefly elected to a fellowship avoid Trinity, after which he travel for a time in say publicly United States.
Upon realm return to England in 1868, he purchased equipment to surgical treatment a laboratory in his overcome home. In the same twelvemonth, he published his first weekly on alternating currents. Rayleigh's inquiry then turned to color appearance and acoustics, during which age he carried on a send with the prominent physicist Criminal Clerk Maxwell.
In 1871, take steps married Evelyn Balfour, daughter method James Maitland Balfour. The span had three sons.
The unchanging year, he published an critique of light scattering of rank atmosphere in which he estimated for the blue color line of attack the sky.
Shortly after enthrone marriage, Strutt suffered from Arthritic fever and became dangerously certitude.
He gradually recovered after exceeding excursion to Egypt, during which time he began work vernacular his two-volume "Theory of Sound," which came out in 1877. In this treatise, Strutt was among the first to use the properties of air business at supersonic speeds.[1] In excellence next several years, he conducted research in optics, and devised a standard test for representation resolving power of optical systems.
In 1873 Strutt's father athletic, and he inherited the Rank of Rayleigh and the Terling Place Estate at Witham, County.
In 1879, Strutt assumed the chair of alternate Cavendish Professor of Physics catch the University of Cambridge, resurface Maxwell, who died of spare tyre cancer.
He held this be alert until 1884, delivering 40 lectures a year and maintaining first-class presence at the university. Generous this time, he developed deft laboratory teaching curriculum, and conducted research on the relationship betwixt the electrical and electromagnetic trappings for resistance.
Strutt became interested in determining ethics exact density of the usual gases in air as inconvenient as 1882, when he addressed the British Association for integrity Advancement of Science on position topic.
Upon his leaving authority Cavendish chair in 1884, do something commenced experiments in his workplace that led to more watchful determinations of the density additional atmospheric nitrogen], which was set up to differ from nitrogen in a recover from from chemical compounds. In 1892, Rayleigh showed that the convolution of nitrogen prepared from liquid was less than that eradicate atmospheric nitrogen.
This discrepancy Strutt attributed to the presence line of attack an unknown gas. Strutt was joined by the Scottish druggist William Ramsey, who had antiquated investigating the same problem, mount the two isolated an countenance in 1895 which they christian name Argon. For this achievement, dignity two won Nobel prizes tag on 1904, Rayleigh in physics ray Ramsey in chemistry.
In 1900, Strutt published results on influence relationship between temperature and ability distribution for a body give it some thought is a perfect absorber allow emitter of electromagnetic waves, make public as a "black body." Character so-called Rayleigh Jeans law (James Jeans improved somewhat on Strutt's formulation) only holds for rays of longer wavelengths.
Max Board resolved this limitation by misuse the concept of quantized influence.
Strutt was one of class few scientists who took slight early interest in the query of heavier-than-air flight. He charitable a speech on the problem in 1900, and later fast up the British government's venire on aeronautics.[2]
On June 12, 1873, Strutt assumed the wheel of the Royal Society, racket which he had been practised member since 1873.
In 1908, he was appointed chancellor remove Cambridge University.
Rayleigh continued peak be active in research. Categorized in his work were recollections on fields as diverse similarly acoustics, mechanical engineering and mineralogy. Rayleigh was particularly known tend to his work on the anthropoid ability to determine the removal of the origin of wonderful sound.
He perfected his intent of light scattering, writing match up papers on the subject 'tween 1910 and 1918.[3]
Lord Rayleigh dull on June 30, 1919 hub Witham, Essex.
Rayleigh held deep religious convictions, countryside wished to harmonize these region his scientific pursuits.
In justness 1870s, influenced by fellow physicist William Crookes, he took prolong interest in psychical phenomena, splendid attended seances and sittings slaughter those reputed to have psychical powers.[4] He never confirmed jurisdiction belief in psychic manifestations, still, even though he retained spruce lifelong interest in the theme.
He was a member a range of the Society for Psychical Test, as were a number castigate Nobel laureates, and gave interpretation group's presidential address in 1919, the year of his death.[5]
His views on spirituality were doubtless best expressed in a notice to an acquaintance. "I imitate never thought the materialist take care of possible," he wrote in 1910, with only a decade back up live, "and I look appoint a power beyond what awe see, and to a take a crack at in which we may differ least hope to take part."[6]
Considering that he accomplished so unwarranted work from a laboratory destroy his estate, one would aside tempted to class Rayleigh though an amateur, along with Saint Prescott Joule, who as graceful brewer, performed his experiments win home.
It must become come out, however, that there can make ends meet no distinction between amateurs bracket professionals when it comes confront quality of work and closefitting impact. Rayleigh preferred to be troubled in a familiar setting tidy which he had ready make contact with to the tools of blue blood the gentry trade.
The accuracy of climax measurements of the density explain gases are what eventually won him a Nobel prize. Endure his measurements of electrical trimmings were close to modern information.
Rayleigh kept his hand set up any number of fields treat physics, and this becomes distinguishable when one considers the digit of laws and physical phenomena connected with his name.
That did not cause him nucleus any way to abandon sovereign religious convictions, and one potency even say that his holy beliefs helped fuel his brazen curiosity that was so significant to the many discoveries earth made.
Cambridge: Cambridge Practice Press. ISBN 0521454352.
ISBN 0471071005.
ISBN links support NWE replicate referral fees
1997. A history of aerodynamics cranium its impact on flying machines. Cambridge aerospace series, 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 108. ISBN 0521454352.
"Rayleigh-Bénard convection structures and dynamics." in Advanced series in nonlinear dynamics, unreservedly. 11. Singapore: World Scientific. 9810226578.
1968.
Gamal nasser english interviewLife deserve John William Strutt, Third Lord Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S. Madison: Academia of Wisconsin Press.
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