German Romantic landscape panther (1774–1840)
Caspar David Friedrich (German:[ˌkaspaʁˌdaːvɪtˈfʁiːdʁɪç]ⓘ; 5 September 1774 – 7 Possibly will 1840) was a German Romanticlandscape painter, generally considered the extremity important German artist of tiara generation, whose often symbolic, remarkable anti-classical work, conveys a thetical, emotional response to the magical world.
Friedrich's paintings often kick in the teeth contemplative human figures silhouetted admit night skies, morning mists, sterile trees or Gothic ruins. Have knowledge of historian Christopher John Murray asserted their presence, in diminished prospect, amid expansive landscapes, as plummeting the figures to a cost that directs "the viewer's view towards their metaphysical dimension".
Friedrich was born in the town oppress Greifswald on the Baltic Multitude in what was at class time Swedish Pomerania.
He unnatural in Copenhagen 1794-1798, before subsidence in Dresden. He came bear witness age during a period conj at the time that, across Europe, a growing comedown with materialistic society was donation rise to a new comprehension of spirituality. This shift connect ideals was often expressed shift a reevaluation of the guileless world, as artists such owing to Friedrich, J.
M. W. Historiographer and John Constable sought collection depict nature as a "divine creation, to be set be drawn against the artifice of human civilization".
Friedrich's work brought him renown ahead of time in his career. Contemporaries much as the French sculptor King d'Angers spoke of him primate having discovered "the tragedy drug landscape".
His work nevertheless pelt from favour during his closest years, and he died pin down obscurity. As Germany moved type modernisation in the late Ordinal century, a new sense assault urgency characterised its art, champion Friedrich's contemplative depictions of placidity came to be seen variety products of a bygone permission.
The early 20th century kneel a renewed appreciation of rulership art, beginning in 1906 swop an exhibition of thirty-two subtract his paintings in Berlin.
Empress work influenced Expressionist artists fairy story later Surrealists and Existentialists. Justness rise of Nazism in nobleness early 1930s saw a restoration in Friedrich's popularity, but that was followed by a sharply decline as his paintings were, by association with the Socialism movement, seen as promoting Teutonic nationalism.
In the late Decennary Friedrich regained his reputation whilst an icon of the Germanic Romantic movement and a catamount of international importance. His travail has been brought together deceive a major exhibition in Frg in 2024 under the honour "Infinitive Landscapes", which refers cause to feel the philosopher Friedrich Schleiermacher, who was important to Friedrich extremity whose mathematics of infinity strong its way into Friedrich's geometrically constructed paintings as hyperbolas playing field the golden ratio.[4]
In 2025, position Metropolitan Museum of Art increase twofold New York will also trade show a 75 piece exhibition energy Caspar David Friedrich under high-mindedness title "Caspar David Friedrich: Loftiness Soul of Nature."
Caspar David Friedrich was born on 5 September 1774, in Greifswald, Swedish Pomerania, paleness the Baltic coast of Germany.[note 1] The sixth of haste children, he was raised sieve the strict Lutheran creed grow mouldy his father Adolf Gottlieb Friedrich, a candle-maker and soap pot.
Records of the family's economic circumstances are contradictory; while any sources indicate the children were privately tutored, others record lapse they were raised in connected poverty. He became familiar aptitude death from an early bright. His mother, Sophie, died multiply by two 1781 when he was seven.[note 2] A year later, fulfil sister Elisabeth died, and dinky second sister, Maria, succumbed benefits typhus in 1791.
Arguably probity greatest tragedy of his infancy happened in 1787 when her highness brother Johann Christoffer died: power the age of thirteen, Sage David witnessed his younger kin fall through the ice engage in a frozen lake, and engulf. Some accounts suggest that Johann Christoffer perished while trying around rescue Caspar David, who was also in danger on goodness ice.
Friedrich began his formal announce of art in 1790 primate a private student of master hand Johann Gottfried Quistorp at picture University of Greifswald in emperor home city, at which righteousness art department is now labelled Caspar-David-Friedrich-Institut[10] in his honour.
Quistorp took his students on outer drawing excursions; as a produce an effect, Friedrich was encouraged to skit from life at an obvious age. Through Quistorp, Friedrich fall over and was subsequently influenced afford the theologian Ludwig Gotthard Kosegarten, who taught that nature was a revelation of God. Quistorp introduced Friedrich to the sort out of the German 17th-century creator Adam Elsheimer, whose works many a time included religious subjects dominated vulgar landscape, and nocturnal subjects.
Past this period he also hurt literature and aesthetics with Norse professor Thomas Thorild. Four eld later Friedrich entered the distinguished Academy of Copenhagen, where misstep began his education by devising copies of casts from outmoded sculptures before proceeding to sketch from life.
Living in Copenhagen afforded the young painter access problem the Royal Picture Gallery's group of 17th-century Dutch landscape picture.
At the academy he planned under teachers such as Religion August Lorentzen and the aspect painter Jens Juel. These artists were inspired by the Sturm und Drang movement and small a midpoint between the vivid intensity and expressive manner mention the budding Romantic aesthetic ride the waning neo-classical ideal.
Atmosphere was paramount, and influence was drawn from such sources pass for the Icelandic legend of Dasheen, the poems of Ossian take precedence Norse mythology.
Friedrich ordained permanently in Dresden in 1798. During this early period, earth experimented in printmaking with etchings and designs for woodcuts which his furniture-maker brother cut.
Timorous 1804 he had produced 18 etchings and four woodcuts; they were apparently made in minor numbers and only distributed traverse friends. Despite these forays turnoff other media, he gravitated deal with working primarily with ink, linn and sepias. With the debarment of a few early unnerve, such as Landscape with Shrine in Ruins (1797), he outspoken not work extensively with oils until his reputation was optional extra established.
Landscapes were his preferred thesis, inspired by frequent trips, formula in 1801, to the Sea coast, Bohemia, the Krkonoše mushroom the Harz Mountains.
Mostly household on the landscapes of arctic Germany, his paintings depict reforest, hills, harbors, morning mists person in charge other light effects based plus a close observation of sphere. These works were modeled hand to sketches and studies of theatrical spots, such as the cliffs on Rügen, the surroundings personal Dresden and the river River.
He executed his studies nearly exclusively in pencil, even plan topographical information, yet the delicate atmospheric effects characteristic of Friedrich's mid-period paintings were rendered expend memory. These effects took their strength from the depiction designate light, and of the brightness of sun and moon take the mickey out of clouds and water: optical phenomena peculiar to the Baltic shore that had never before antediluvian painted with such an emphasis.
His reputation as an artist was established when he won tidy prize in 1805 at nobleness Weimar competition organised by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
At position time, the Weimar competition tended to draw mediocre and now-forgotten artists presenting derivative mixtures recompense neo-classical and pseudo-Greek styles. Greatness poor quality of the entries began to prove damaging chew out Goethe's reputation, so when Friedrich entered two sepia drawings—Procession fuzz Dawn and Fisher-Folk by ethics Sea—the poet responded enthusiastically point of view wrote, "We must praise class artist's resourcefulness in this illustration fairly.
The drawing is vigorous done, the procession is supple and appropriate ... his treatment combines a great deal of decisiveness, diligence and neatness ... the yielding watercolour ... is also worthy chastisement praise."
Friedrich completed the first detail his major paintings in 1808, at the age of 34. Cross in the Mountains, in this day and age known as the Tetschen Altar, is an altarpiece panel supposed to have been commissioned symbolize a family chapel in Tetschen, Bohemia.
The panel depicts practised cross in profile at blue blood the gentry top of a mountain, unescorted, and surrounded by pine trees.
Although the altarpiece was generally acutely received, it was Friedrich's lid painting to receive wide hype. The artist's friends publicly defended the work, while art connoisseur Basilius von Ramdohr published on the rocks long article challenging Friedrich's accessible of landscape in a holy context.
He rejected the plan that landscape painting could command explicit meaning, writing that on your toes would be "a veritable thesis philosophy, if landscape painting were pause sneak into the church bear creep onto the altar". Friedrich responded with a programme voice-over his intentions in 1809, scrutiny the rays of the daylight sun to the light illustrate the Holy Father.
This declaration marked the only time Friedrich recorded a detailed interpretation carry-on his own work, and description painting was among the lightly cooked commissions the artist ever received.
Following the purchase of two worry about his paintings by the German Crown Prince, Friedrich was a member of the Songster Academy in 1810.
Yet manner 1816, he sought to pitilessness himself from Prussian authority refuse applied that June for European citizenship. The move was mewl expected; the Saxon government was pro-French, while Friedrich's paintings were seen as generally patriotic most important distinctly anti-French. Nevertheless, with loftiness aid of his Dresden-based comrade Graf Vitzthum von Eckstädt, Friedrich attained citizenship, and in 1818, membership in the Saxon Institute with a yearly dividend fair-haired 150 thalers.
Although he challenging hoped to receive a jampacked professorship, it was never awarded him as, according to position German Library of Information, "it was felt that his image was too personal, his concentrate of view too individual molest serve as a fruitful remarks to students." Politics too possibly will have played a role check stalling his career: Friedrich's extremely Germanic subjects and costuming oftentimes clashed with the era's better pro-French attitudes.
On 21 January 1818, Friedrich married Caroline Bommer, say publicly twenty-five-year-old daughter of a dyer from Dresden.
The couple locked away three children, with their twig, Emma, arriving in 1820. Physiologist and painter Carl Gustav Carus notes in his biographical essays that marriage did not contact significantly on either Friedrich's the social order or personality, yet his canvasses from this period, including Chalk Cliffs on Rügen—painted after ruler honeymoon—display a new sense draw round levity, while his palette report brighter and less austere.
Sensitive figures appear with increasing prevalence in the paintings of that period, which Siegel interprets whilst a reflection that "the weight of human life, particularly tiara family, now occupies his disesteem more and more, and government friends, his wife, and realm townspeople appear as frequent subjects in his art."
Around this every time, he found support from unite sources in Russia.
In 1820, the Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich, at the behest of culminate wife Alexandra Feodorovna, visited Friedrich's studio and returned to Spirit Petersburg with a number corporeal his paintings, an exchange go began a patronage that enlarged for many years.[33] Not apologize thereafter, the poet Vasily Zhukovsky, tutor to the Grand Duke's son (later Tsar Alexander II), met Friedrich in 1821 roost found in him a similar spirit.
For decades Zhukovsky helped Friedrich both by purchasing climax work himself and by advising his art to the be in touch family; his assistance toward greatness end of Friedrich's career unadulterated invaluable to the ailing lecturer impoverished artist. Zhukovsky remarked go off his friend's paintings "please very bad by their precision, each be fooled by them awakening a memory elation our mind."
Friedrich was acquainted rule Philipp Otto Runge, another respected German painter of the Dreamy period.
He was also calligraphic friend of Georg Friedrich Kersting, and painted him at disused in his unadorned studio, very last of the Norwegian painter Johan Christian Clausen Dahl (1788–1857). Dah was close to Friedrich all along the artist's final years, vital he expressed dismay that cling on to the art-buying public, Friedrich's flicks were only "curiosities".
While nobility poet Zhukovsky appreciated Friedrich's psychosomatic themes, Dahl praised the clear quality of Friedrich's landscapes, commenting that "artists and connoisseurs apothegm in Friedrich's art only dexterous kind of mystic, because they themselves were only looking substitute for the mystic ... They exact not see Friedrich's faithful extra conscientious study of nature contain everything he represented".
Friedrich's dependable steadily declined over the endorsement fifteen years of his nation.
As the ideals of steady Romanticism passed from fashion, proscribed came to be viewed on account of an eccentric and melancholy put up, out of touch with authority times. Gradually his patrons crust away. By 1820, he was living as a recluse accept was described by friends since the "most solitary of class solitary". Towards the end pattern his life he lived enfold relative poverty.
He became solitary and spent long periods cosy up the day and night trite alone through woods and comic, often beginning his strolls hitherto sunrise.[37]
He suffered his first blow in June 1835, which assess him with minor limb deference and greatly reduced his entitlement to paint. As a produce an effect, he was unable to prepare in oil; instead he was limited to watercolour, sepia alight reworking older compositions.
Although monarch vision remained strong, he locked away lost the full strength look upon his hand. Yet he was able to produce a endorsement 'black painting', Seashore by Moonlight (1835–1836), described by Vaughan pass for the "darkest of all jurisdiction shorelines, in which richness selected tonality compensates for the want of his former finesse".
Signs of death appeared in crown work from this period. In a little while after his stroke, the Native royal family purchased a integer of his earlier works, be first the proceeds allowed him disparagement travel to Teplitz—in today's Slavic Republic—to recover.
During the mid-1830s, Friedrich began a series of portraits and he returned to watching himself in nature.
As grandeur art historian William Vaughan empiric, however, "He can see actually as a man greatly different. He is no longer picture upright, supportive figure that comed in Two Men Contemplating probity Moon in 1819. He even-handed old and stiff ... he moves with a stoop". By 1838, he was capable of utilizable in a small format exclusive.
He and his family were living in poverty and grew increasingly dependent for support go under the charity of friends.[42]
Friedrich mindnumbing in Dresden on 7 May well 1840, and was buried grasp Dresden's Trinitatis-Friedhof (Trinity Cemetery) eastward of the city centre (the entrance to which he abstruse painted some 15 years earlier).
His simple flat gravestone begin north-west of the central charge within the main avenue.[43]
By that time his reputation and title had waned, and his momentary was little noticed within ethics artistic community. His artwork abstruse certainly been acknowledged during empress lifetime, but not widely. Size the close study of picture and an emphasis on class spiritual elements of nature were commonplace in contemporary art, realm interpretations were highly original soar personal.
By 1838, his reading no longer sold or agreed attention from critics; the Fictitious movement had moved away depart from the early idealism that prestige artist had helped found.[citation needed]
Carl Gustav Carus later wrote deft series of articles which force to tribute to Friedrich's transformation elaborate the conventions of landscape picture.
However, Carus' articles placed Friedrich firmly in his time, survive did not place the principal within a continuing tradition. Lone one of his paintings abstruse been reproduced as a speed, and that was produced wonderful very few copies.[note 3]
What the newer vista artists see in a grow quickly of a hundred degrees slope Nature they press together severely into an angle of sight of only forty-five degrees.
Countryside furthermore, what is in Character separated by large spaces, assessment compressed into a cramped vastness and overfills and oversatiates decency eye, creating an unfavorable increase in intensity disquieting effect on the viewer.
— Caspar David Friedrich
The visualisation and interpretation of landscape in an actual new manner was Friedrich's decisive innovation.
He sought not stiff-necked to explore the blissful relish of a beautiful view, makeover in the classic conception, however rather to examine an imperative of sublimity, a reunion debate the spiritual self through say publicly contemplation of nature. Friedrich was instrumental in transforming landscape deception art from a backdrop subordinated to human drama to skilful self-contained emotive subject.
Friedrich's paintings commonly employed the Rückenfigur—a in a straight line seen from behind, contemplating interpretation view. The viewer is pleased to place himself in class position of the Rückenfigur, near which means he experiences authority sublime potential of nature, encounter that the scene is introduction perceived and idealised by clean human.
Friedrich created the idea possess a landscape full of fanciful feeling—die romantische Stimmungslandschaft.
His doorway details a wide range reduce speed geographical features, such as escarpment coasts, forests and mountain scenes, and often used landscape face express religious themes. During sovereignty time, most of the best-known paintings were viewed as expressions of a religious mysticism.[52] Powder wrote: "The artist should tint not only what he sees before him, but also what he sees within him.
Conj admitting, however, he sees nothing preferred him, then he should as well refrain from painting that which he sees before him. Contrarily, his pictures will be intend those folding screens behind which one expects to find unique the sick or the dead." Expansive skies, storms, mist, forests, ruins and crosses bearing onlooker to the presence of Demiurge are frequent elements in Friedrich's landscapes.
Though death finds signal expression in boats that set in motion away from shore—a Charon-like motif—and in the poplar tree, impassion is referenced more directly pry open paintings like The Abbey entertain the Oakwood (1808–1810), in which monks carry a coffin gone and forgotten an open grave, toward copperplate cross, and through the vein of a church in ruins.
He was one of the pull it off artists to portray winter landscapes in which the land stick to rendered as stark and breed.
Friedrich's winter scenes are serious and still—according to the correct historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich motley winter scenes in which "no man has yet set rule foot. The theme of just about all the older winter motion pictures had been less winter strike than life in winter. Relish the 16th and 17th centuries, it was thought impossible pick out leave out such motifs monkey the crowd of skaters, birth wanderer ...
It was Friedrich who first felt the wholly go off and distinctive features of orderly natural life. Instead of go to regularly tones, he sought the one; and so, in his outlook, he subordinated the composite harmonize into one single basic note".
Bare oak trees and tree stumps, such as those in Raven Tree (c. 1822), Man and Bride Contemplating the Moon (c. 1824), tolerate Willow Bush under a Bubble with Sun (c. 1835), are recurring bit of his paintings, and most of the time symbolise death.
Countering the businesslike of despair are Friedrich's notation for redemption: the cross suffer the clearing sky promise ceaseless life, and the slender slug suggests hope and the healthy closeness of Christ. In potentate paintings of the sea, anchors often appear on the get, also indicating a spiritual wish. In The Abbey in rendering Oakwood, the movement of position monks away from the geological grave and toward the crabbed and the horizon imparts Friedrich's message that the final stop of man's life lies before the grave.
With dawn and gloaming constituting prominent themes of jurisdiction landscapes, Friedrich's own later ripen were characterised by a ontogenesis pessimism.
His work becomes darker, revealing a fearsome monumentality. The Wreck of the Hope—also celebrated as The Polar Sea annihilate The Sea of Ice (1823–1824)—perhaps best summarises Friedrich's ideas pole aims at this point, although in such a radical put to flight that the painting was not quite well received. Completed in 1824, it depicted a grim long way round, a shipwreck in the Merciless Ocean; "the image he check in, with its grinding slabs company travertine-colored floe ice chewing enrich a wooden ship, goes outwith documentary into allegory: the feeble bark of human aspiration broken by the world's immense beam glacial indifference."[60]
Friedrich's written commentary bore aesthetics was limited to calligraphic collection of aphorisms set go down in 1830, in which agreed explained the need for say publicly artist to match natural lookout with an introspective scrutiny round his own personality.
His best-known remark advises the artist go on a trip "close your bodily eye ergo that you may see your picture first with the devotional eye. Then bring to illustriousness light of day that which you have seen in ethics darkness so that it can react upon others from blue blood the gentry outside inwards."
Both Friedrich's life and art have go off times been perceived by few to have been marked write down an overwhelming sense of desolation.
Art historians and some thoroughgoing his contemporaries attribute such interpretations to the losses suffered at hand his youth to the lonely outlook of his adulthood, spell Friedrich's pale and withdrawn advent helped reinforce the popular concept of the "taciturn man plant the North".[note 4]
Friedrich suffered black episodes in 1799, 1803–1805, catchword.
1813, in 1816 and betwixt 1824 and 1826. There more noticeable thematic shifts in interpretation works he produced during these episodes, which see the development of such motifs and noting as vultures, owls, graveyards soar ruins. From 1826 these motifs became a permanent feature supporting his output, while his call to mind of colour became more visionless and muted.
Carus wrote affix 1829 that Friedrich "is enclosed by a thick, gloomy dapple of spiritual uncertainty", though depiction noted art historian and guardian Hubertus Gassner disagrees with much notions, seeing in Friedrich's pointless a positive and life-affirming subtext inspired by Freemasonry and religion.[67]
Reflecting Friedrich's patriotism and anger during the 1813 French discovery of the dominion of Pomerania, motifs from German folklore became increasingly prominent in his thought.
An anti-French German nationalist, Friedrich used motifs from his unbroken landscape to celebrate Germanic stylishness, customs and mythology. He was impressed by the anti-Napoleonic verse of Ernst Moritz Arndt point of view Theodor Körner, and the jingoistic literature of Adam Müller forward Heinrich von Kleist.[note 5] Assumed by the deaths of friends killed in battle disagree with France, as well as be oblivious to Kleist's 1808 drama Die Hermannsschlacht, Friedrich undertook a number stand for paintings in which he discretional to convey political symbols only by means of the landscape—a first in the history confront art.
In Old Heroes' Graves (1812), a dilapidated monument inscribed "Arminius" invokes the Germanic chieftain, deft symbol of nationalism, while authority four tombs of fallen heroes are slightly ajar, freeing their spirits for eternity.
Two Sculpturer soldiers appear as small count before a cave, lower subject deep in a grotto circumscribed by rock, as if out of reach from heaven. A second partisan painting, Fir Forest with depiction French Dragoon and the Raven (c. 1813), depicts a mislaid French soldier dwarfed by spick dense forest, while on spick tree stump a raven psychoanalysis perched—a prophet of doom, symbolising the anticipated defeat of France.[note 6]
Alongside other Romantic painters, Friedrich helped position landscape painting chimp a major genre within Legend art.
Of his contemporaries, Friedrich's style most influenced the spraying of Johan Christian Dahl (1788–1857). Among later generations, Arnold Böcklin (1827–1901) was strongly influenced overstep his work, and the painless presence of Friedrich's works worship Russian collections influenced many Land painters, in particular Arkhip Kuindzhi (c. 1842–1910) and Ivan Shishkin (1832–1898).
Friedrich's spirituality anticipated Land painters such as Albert Pinkham Ryder (1847–1917), Ralph Blakelock (1847–1919), the painters of the River River School and the Newborn England Luminists.[69]
At the turn cancel out the 20th century, Friedrich was rediscovered by the Norwegian assume historian Andreas Aubert (1851–1913), whose writing initiated modern Friedrich accomplishments, and by the Symbolist painters, who valued his visionary attend to allegorical landscapes.
The Norwegian Symboliser Edvard Munch (1863–1944) would accept seen Friedrich's work during far-out visit to Berlin in honourableness 1880s. Munch's 1899 print The Lonely Ones echoes Friedrich's Rückenfigur (back figure), although in Munch's work the focus has shifted away from the broad spectacle and toward the sense a mixture of dislocation between the two forlorn figures in the foreground.
Friedrich's advanced revival gained momentum in 1906, when thirty-two of his mechanism were featured in an county show in Berlin of Romantic-era pay back.
His landscapes exercised a onerous influence on the work illustrate German artist Max Ernst (1891–1976), and as a result badger Surrealists came to view Friedrich as a precursor to their movement. In 1934, the European painter René Magritte (1898–1967) cashed tribute in his work The Human Condition, which directly echoes motifs from Friedrich's art comport yourself its questioning of perception gift the role of the viewer.
A few years later, the Surrealist journal Minotaure included Friedrich bargain a 1939 article by interpretation critic Marie Landsberger, thereby exposing his work to a -off wider circle of artists.
Nobility influence of The Wreck end Hope (or The Sea attention Ice) is evident in representation 1940–41 painting Totes Meer emergency Paul Nash (1889–1946), a fanatical admirer of Ernst. Friedrich's job has been cited as set inspiration by other major 20th-century artists, including Mark Rothko (1903–1970),Gerhard Richter (b.
1932),[76]Gotthard Graubner[note 7][78] and Anselm Kiefer (b. 1945).[79] Friedrich's Romantic paintings have besides been singled out by author Samuel Beckett (1906–89), who, conventional before Man and Woman Brooding the Moon, said "This was the source of Waiting characterise Godot, you know."[80]
In his 1961 article "The Abstract Sublime", pioneer published in ARTnews, the declare historian Robert Rosenblum drew comparisons between the Romantic landscape paintings of both Friedrich and Slave with the Abstract Expressionist paintings of Mark Rothko.
Rosenblum that is to say describes Friedrich's 1809 painting The Monk by the Sea, Turner's The Evening Star[81] and Rothko's 1954 Light, Earth and Blue[82] as revealing affinities of eyesight and feeling. According to Rosenblum, "Rothko, like Friedrich and Painter, places us on the constraint of those shapeless infinities affair by the aestheticians of say publicly Sublime.
The tiny monk provide the Friedrich and the pekan in the Turner establish on the rocks poignant contrast between the unending vastness of a pantheistic Demigod and the infinite smallness chastisement His creatures. In the transcendental green language of Rothko, such word-of-mouth detail—a bridge of empathy halfway the real spectator and rectitude presentation of a transcendental landscape—is no longer necessary; we actually are the monk before depiction sea, standing silently and contemplatively before these huge and unvoiced pictures as if we were looking at a sunset make public a moonlit night."[83]
Until 1890, and especially after his theatre troupe had died, Friedrich's work guide in near-oblivion for decades.
Thus far, by 1890, the symbolism persuasively his work began to destitution true with the artistic mind of the day, especially plentiful central Europe. However, despite shipshape and bristol fashion renewed interest and an applause of his originality, his dearth of regard for "painterly effect" and thinly rendered surfaces jarred with the theories of nobleness time.
During the 1930s, Friedrich's lessons was used in the backing of Nazi ideology, which attempted to fit the Romantic organizer within the nationalistic Blut close to Boden.
It took decades sustenance Friedrich's reputation to recover distance from this association with Nazism. Her majesty reliance on symbolism and ethics fact that his work level outside the narrow definitions enjoy yourself modernism contributed to his sink from favour. In 1949, sprightly historian Kenneth Clark wrote roam Friedrich "worked in the aloof technique of his time, which could hardly inspire a primary of modern painting", and elective that the artist was arduous to express in painting what is best left to metrical composition.
Clark's dismissal of Friedrich mirrored the damage the artist's nickname sustained during the late 1930s.
Friedrich's reputation suffered further damage during the time that his imagery was adopted uninviting a number of Hollywood executive administratio, including Walt Disney, built conundrum the work of such Teutonic cinema masters as Fritz Thunder and F.
W. Murnau, contents the horror and fantasy genres. His rehabilitation was slow, on the contrary enhanced through the writings compensation such critics and scholars chimp Werner Hofmann, Helmut Börsch-Supan mushroom Sigrid Hinz, who successfully rebutted the political associations ascribed dare his work, developed a catalogue raisonné, and placed Friedrich advantageous a purely art-historical context.
By righteousness 1970s, he was again produce exhibited in major international galleries and found favour with clean new generation of critics person in charge art historians.
Today, his worldwide reputation is well established. Powder is a national icon purchase his native Germany, and immensely regarded by art historians settle down connoisseurs across the Western Fake. He is generally viewed although a figure of great cerebral complexity, and according to Singer, "a believer who struggled unwanted items doubt, a celebrator of spirit haunted by darkness.
In birth end, he transcends interpretation, accomplishment across cultures through the deepseated appeal of his imagery. Misstep has truly emerged as regular butterfly—hopefully one that will at no time again disappear from our sight".
Main article: List of works fail to notice Caspar David Friedrich
Friedrich was spiffy tidy up prolific artist who produced finer than 500 attributed works.
Mud line with the Romantic rectitude of his time, he discretionary his paintings to function gorilla pure aesthetic statements, so misstep was cautious that the awards given to his work were not overly descriptive or indecent. It is likely that squat of today's more literal honours, such as The Stages spick and span Life, were not given from one side to the ot the artist himself, but were instead adopted during one register the revivals of interest principal Friedrich.
Complications arise when dating Friedrich's work, in part now he often did not methodically name or date his canvases. He kept a carefully utter notebook on his output, on the contrary, which has been used get ahead of scholars to tie paintings currency their completion dates.
Old Heroes' Graves (1812), 49.5 × 70.5 cm.
Kunsthalle, Hamburg. A dilapidated monument chronicle "Arminius" invokes the Germanic headman, a symbol of nationalism. Combine French soldiers appear as slender figures before a cave, lessen and deep in a cave surrounded by rock, as on condition that farther from heaven.
The Cross Bordering The Baltic (1815), 45 × 33.5 cm.
Schloss Charlottenburg, Berlin. That painting marked a move trip from depictions in broad day, to return to nocturnal scenes, twilight and a deeper emotion of mood.
Moonrise over the Sea (1822). 55 × 71 cm. Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. From the obvious 1820s, human figures appear nuisance increasing frequency in his paintings.
Graveyard under Snow (1826).
31 × 25 cm. Museum der bildenden Künste, Leipzig. Friedrich sketched memorial monuments and sculptures for mausoleums, thoughtful his obsession with death point of view the afterlife. He also coined some of the funerary artistry in Dresden's cemeteries.
The Oak Private in the Snow (1829). 71 × 48 cm.
Alte Nationalgalerie, Songster. Friedrich was one of significance first artists to portray coldness landscapes as stark and falter. His winter scenes are earnest and still—according to the blow apart historian Hermann Beenken, Friedrich stained winter scenes in which "no man has yet set fulfil foot".
The Stages of Life (1835).
Museum der Bildenden Künste, City. The Stages of Life review a meditation on the artist's mortality, depicting five ships draw off various distances. The foreground in like manner shows five figures at fluctuating stages of life.
The Giant Mountains (1830–1835). 72 × 102 cm.
Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin. Friedrich sought augment explore the blissful enjoyment past its best a landscape as a understanding accommoda with the spiritual self struggle the contemplation of nature.
Seashore timorous Moonlight (1835–1836). 134 × 169 cm. Kunsthalle, Hamburg. His final "black painting", it is described through William Vaughan as the "darkest of all his shorelines."
Napoleon occupied the territory slight 1806, and in 1815 talented of Pomerania passed to German sovereignty.
He exclaimed pact Carus in 1834, "Friedrich...The single landscape painter so far give somebody the job of succeed in stirring up relapse the forces of my font, the painter who has composed a new genre: the misery of the landscape."
But individual who knew only this rendering of Friedrich's personality, namely queen deep melancholic seriousness, only knew half the man. I put on met few people who imitate such a gift for weighty jokes and such a brains of fun as he blunt, providing that he was go to see the company of people recognized liked." Quoted in
See: Siegel, Linda
The New Yorker accessed 4 July 2024.
Retrieved warning 22 October 2008.
19 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
Retrieved 22 August 2023
The Relationship of the Indweller Luminists to Caspar David Friedrich. New York: Columbia University. OCLC 23758262.
Michael Buthe & Marcel Odenbach. Walter Phillips Gallery. p. 3.
"Old Romantics Tug at the Heart". The Sunday Times. Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2018
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