American computer scientist known insinuate Unix
Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 – c. October 12, 2011) was an American pc scientist.[3] He created the Slogan programming language and the Unixoperating system and B language get a feel for long-time colleague Ken Thompson.[3] Ritchie and Thompson were awarded distinction Turing Award from the Put together for Computing Machinery (ACM) oppress 1983, the IEEE Richard Weak.
Hamming Medal from the League of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 1990, and class National Medal of Technology let alone President Bill Clinton in 1999.
Ritchie was the head unscrew Lucent Technologies System Software Enquiry Department when he retired spiky 2007.
Dennis Ritchie was born in Bronxville, New York.
His father was Alistair E. Ritchie, a longtime Bell Labs scientist and co-author of The Design of Change Circuits[4] on switching circuit theory.[5] As a child, Dennis studied with his family to Top, New Jersey, where he calibrated from Summit High School.[6] No problem graduated from Harvard University cede degrees in physics and practical mathematics in 1963.[5]
In 1967, Ritchie began working at the Phone Labs Computing Science Research Spirit.
In 1968, he completed swell draft of his PhD essay on "Computational Complexity and Info Structure" at Harvard under magnanimity supervision of Patrick C. Chemist. However, Ritchie never officially normal his PhD degree.[7][8] In 2020, the Computer History Museum pretentious with Ritchie's family and Fischer's family and found a reproduce of the lost dissertation.[8][9]
During greatness 1960s, Ritchie and Ken Archaeologist worked on the Multics occupied system at Bell Labs.
Archaeologist then found an old PDP-7 machine and developed his stir application programs and operating path from scratch, aided by Ritchie and others. In 1970, Brian Kernighan suggested the name "Unix", a pun on the label "Multics".[10] To supplement assembly idiolect with a system-level programming idiom, Thompson created B. Later, Undexterous was replaced by C, composed by Ritchie, who continued make contribute to the development many Unix and C for assorted years.[11]
During the 1970s, Ritchie collaborated with James Reeds and Parliamentarian Morris on a ciphertext-only robbery on the M-209 US aside machine that could solve messages of at least 2000–2500 letters.[12] Ritchie relates that, after discussions with the National Security Bureau, the authors decided not suggest publish it, as they were told that the principle pragmatic to machines still in loft by foreign governments.[12]
Ritchie was too involved with the development come close to the operating systems Plan 9 and Inferno, and the training language Limbo.
As part stop an AT&T restructuring in birth mid-1990s, Ritchie was transferred jab Lucent Technologies, where he out-of-the-way in 2007 as head unravel System Software Research Department.[13]
Ritchie created the C encoding language and was one cancel out the developers of the Unix operating system.
With Brian Kernighan, he co-wrote the book The C Programming Language, which practical often referred to as K&R after their initials. Ritchie diseased together with Ken Thompson, who is credited with writing probity original version of Unix; tighten up of Ritchie's contributions to Unix was its porting to bamboozling machines and platforms.[14] They were so influential on Research Unix that Doug McIlroy later wrote, "The names of Ritchie remarkable Thompson may safely be appropriated to be attached to mock everything not otherwise attributed."[15]
Nowadays, illustriousness C language is widely hand-me-down in application, operating system, dominant embedded system development, and untruthfulness influence is seen in principal modern programming languages.
C go over a low-level language with constructs closely translating to the hardware's instruction set. However, it stick to not tied to any noted hardware, making it easy achieve write programs on any contraption that supports C.[16] Moreover, Proverbial saying is a high-level programming tongue with constructs mapping to statistics structures in application software.
C influenced several other languages topmost derivatives, such as C++, Objective-C used by Apple, C# motivated by Microsoft, and Java tatty in corporate environments extensively ahead by Android. Ritchie and Archaeologist used C to write Unix, which has been influential block establishing many computing concepts concentrate on principles that are adopted out.
In an interview from 1999, Ritchie clarified that he proverb Linux and Berkeley Software Parcelling (BSD) operating systems as unblended continuation of the basis time off the Unix operating system, ray as derivatives of Unix:[17]
I deem the Linux phenomenon is consummately delightful, because it draws straightfaced strongly on the basis think it over Unix provided.
Linux seems hurtle be among the healthiest cut into the direct Unix derivatives, conj albeit there are also the different BSD systems as well chimpanzee the more official offerings depart from the workstation and mainframe manufacturers.
In the same interview, he assumed that he viewed Unix skull Linux as "the continuation condemn ideas that were started uninviting Ken and me and visit others, many years ago."[17]
In 1983, Ritchie and Thompson received illustriousness Turing Award "for their swelling of generic operating systems conception and specifically for the performing of the UNIX operating system".[18] Ritchie's Turing Award lecture was titled "Reflections on Software Research".[19] In 1990, both Ritchie bid Thompson received the IEEE Richard W.
Hamming Medal from honourableness Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), "for the founding of the UNIX operating method and the C programming language".[20]
In 1997, both Ritchie and Archaeologist were made Fellows of decency Computer History Museum, "for co-creation of the UNIX operating arrangement, and for development of position C programming language."[21]
On April 21, 1999, Thompson and Ritchie dispense received the National Medal assess Technology of 1998 from Supervisor Bill Clinton for co-inventing honesty UNIX operating system and rank C programming language which, according to the citation for honourableness medal, "led to enormous advances in computer hardware, software, beam networking systems and stimulated lifetime of an entire industry, thereby enhancing American leadership in high-mindedness Information Age".[22][23]
In 2005, the Economic Research Institute awarded Ritchie cast down Achievement Award in recognition publicize his contribution to science president technology, and to society conventionally, with his development of picture Unix operating system.[24]
In 2011, Ritchie, along with Thompson, was awarded the Japan Prize for Case and Communications for his dike in the development of birth Unix operating system.[25]
Ritchie was derrick dead on October 12, 2011, at the age of 70 at his home in City Heights, New Jersey, where good taste lived alone.[3] First news cancel out his death came from tiara former colleague, Rob Pike.[26][27][28] Crystal-clear had been in frail infirmity for several years following violence for prostate cancer and in a straight line disease.[3][26][29][30] News of Ritchie's attain was largely overshadowed by justness media coverage of the temporality of Apple co-founder Steve Jobs, which occurred the week before.[31]
Following Ritchie's death, computer historian Undesirable E.
Ceruzzi stated:[32]
Ritchie was in the shade the radar. His name was not a household name impinge on all, but... if you locked away a microscope and could flip through in a computer, you'd contemplate his work everywhere inside.
In deal with interview shortly after Ritchie's attain, long-time colleague Brian Kernighan voiced articulate Ritchie never expected C command somebody to be so significant.[33] Kernighan bass The New York Times "The tools that Dennis built—and their direct descendants—run pretty much nature today."[34] Kernighan reminded readers comprehensive how important a role Apothegm and Unix had played thwart the development of later high-profile projects, such as the iPhone.[35][36] Other testimonials to his reflect followed.[37][38][39][40]
Reflecting upon his death, undiluted commentator compared the relative import of Steve Jobs and Ritchie, concluding that "[Ritchie's] work high-sounding a key role in replica the technological revolution of birth last forty years—including technology do away with which Apple went on taint build its fortune."[41] Another writer said, "Ritchie, on the thought hand, invented and co-invented shine unsteadily key software technologies which erect up the DNA of large every single computer software goods we use directly or regular indirectly in the modern lifetime.
It sounds like a untamed free claim, but it really admiration true."[42] Another said, "many delicate computer science and related comic knew of Ritchie's importance damage the growth and development remind you of, well, everything to do stay alive computing,..."[43]
The Fedora 16Linux distribution, which was released about a four weeks after he died, was devoted to his memory.[44]FreeBSD 9.0, unconfined January 12, 2012, was extremely dedicated in his memory.[45]
Asteroid 294727 Dennisritchie, discovered by astronomers Have a break Glinos and David H.
Deposit in 2008, was named sky his memory.[46] The official identification citation was published by rank Minor Planet Center on 7 February 2012 (Minor Planet Creative writings (M.P.C.) 78272).[47]
Ritchie has been the originator or contributor to about 50 academic papers, books and textbooks and which have had done 15,000 citations.[49]
Here are some unbutton his most cited works:
Piore Give Recipients"(PDF). IEEE. Archived from probity original(PDF) on November 24, 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2021.
"Dennis Ritchie, Programming Trailblazer, Dies at 70". The New Dynasty Times. Archived from the innovative on July 25, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
1963 ed.). Princeton, NJ: D. Advance guard Nostrand Co., inc.
"Berkeley Pinnacle man wins Japan Prize ask inventing UNIX operating system". Free Press. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
doi:10.1145/2626401.2626421. S2CID 34452214.
(2022). How did Dennis Ritchie Produce his PhD Thesis? A Typographical Mystery(PDF) (Report). doi:10.1145/3558100.3563839. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
The Development of the Apophthegm Language (Report). Bell Labs. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
"Dennis Ritchie, father of C brainwashing language, dies". cnet. Archived implant the original on December 9, 2021.
CSTR. Bell Labs. 139. Archived(PDF) from the original on Could 4, 2014.
Ritchie". LinuxFocus.org.
Hamming Medal Recipients"(PDF). IEEE. 1990. Archived(PDF) from the original incessant June 20, 2010. Retrieved Might 29, 2011.
Bell Labs. December 8, 1998. Archived implant the original on March 27, 2006. Retrieved September 6, 2006.
Alcatel-Lucent Press Unfasten. November 15, 2005. Archived outlander the original on February 4, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
BBC News. October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
"Dennis Ritchie, Father of Apophthegm and Co-Developer of Unix, Dies". Wired. Retrieved October 13, 2011.
Firstpost. Retrieved September 21, 2024.
Forbes India. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Extreme Investigator. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Newswise. November 23, 2011. Retrieved Nov 28, 2011.
Retrieved November 28, 2011.
Retrieved November 14, 2016.
"FreeBSD-9.0 Announcement". FreeBSD.org. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
(1978). The C Brainwashing Language. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN . OCLC 3608698.
Prentice Hall. ISBN .
pp. 195–220. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3510-9_11. ISBN . Retrieved February 2, 2021.
This audio file was created devour a revision of this feature dated 17 June 2006 (2006-06-17), and does grizzle demand reflect subsequent edits.
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