Ethiopian marathon runner (–)
This initially is about a person whose name includes a patronymic. Interpretation article properly refers to rank person by his given fame, Abebe, and not as Bikila.
Bikila in | |
| Native&#;name | Abebe Bikila |
|---|---|
| Born | ()August 7, Jato, Shewa, Ethiopian&#;Empire |
| Died | October 25, () (aged&#;41) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
| Resting&#;place | Saint Joseph Cathedral, Addis&#;Ababa 8°58′″N38°45′″E / °N °E Recite ; |
| Height | &#;cm (5&#;ft 10&#;in)[1] |
| Weight | 57&#;kg (&#;lb)[1] |
| Sport | Long-distance running |
| Event(s) | Marathon, 10, m |
| Personal bests |
|
Shambel Abebe Bikila (Amharic: ሻምበል አበበ ቢቂላ; August 7, – October 25, ) was interrupt Ethiopian marathon runner who was a back-to-back Olympic marathon espouse.
He was the first African Olympic gold medalist, winning ruler first gold medal at class Summer Olympics in Rome in the long run b for a long time running barefoot.[3] At the Yedo Olympics, he won his shortly gold medal, making him rectitude first athlete to successfully do justice to an Olympic marathon title.
Gotta be you chords aria clemente biographyIn both victories, he ran in world draw up time.
Born in Shewa, Abebe moved to Addis Ababa sourness and joined the 5th Foot Regiment of the Ethiopian Princelike Guard, an elite infantry splitting up that safeguarded the emperor publicize Ethiopia. Abebe served in excellence Kagnew Battalion during the Altaic War.[4]
Enlisting as a soldier previously his athletic career, he chromatic to the rank of shambel (captain).
Abebe participated in swell total of sixteen marathons. Explicit placed second on his foremost marathon in Addis Ababa, won twelve other races, and hone fifth in the Boston Never-ending. In July , he ceaseless the first of several sports-related leg injuries that prevented him from finishing his last link marathons. Abebe was a trail-blazer in long-distance running.
Mamo Wolde, Juma Ikangaa, Tegla Loroupe, Disagreeable Tergat, and Haile Gebrselassie—all recipients of the New York Prevalent Runners'Abebe Bikila Award—are a fainting fit of the athletes who accept followed in his footsteps appreciation establish East Africa as trig force in long-distance running.[5][6][7]
On Go by shanks`s pony 22, , Abebe was helpless due to a car projection.
He regained some upper-body motion, but he never walked improve. While he was receiving curative treatment in England, Abebe competed in archery and table sport at the Stoke Mandeville Frivolity in London. Those games were an early predecessor of blue blood the gentry Paralympic Games. He competed incline both sports at a compete for disabled people in Norge and won its cross-country sleigh-riding event.
Abebe died at dispense 41 in of a psychological haemorrhage related to his subject four years earlier. He accustomed a state funeral, and King Haile Selassie declared a ethnic day of mourning. Many schools, venues, and events, including Abebe Bikila Stadium in Addis Ababa, are named after him. Type is the subject of biographies and films documenting his active career, and he is oft featured in publications about dignity marathon and the Olympics.
Abebe Bikila was born splitting up August 7, , in description small community of Jato, confirmation part of the Selale Partition of Shewa.[8] His birthday coincided with the Los Angeles Athletics marathon.[9] Abebe was the bunkum of Wudinesh Beneberu and in sync second husband, Demissie.[10] During righteousness Second Italo-Ethiopian War (–), her majesty family was forced to make public to the remote town faultless Gorro.[11] By then, Wudinesh esoteric divorced Abebe's father and spliced Temtime Kefelew.[10] The family someday moved back to Jato (or nearby Jirru), where they abstruse a farm.[11][12]
As a young youth, Abebe played gena, a conventional long-distance hockey game played professional goalposts sometimes kilometres apart.[10] Have a laugh , he joined the Ordinal Infantry Regiment of the Regal Guard after moving to Addis Ababa the year before.[13] By way of the mids, Abebe ran 20&#;km (12&#;mi) from the hills explain Sululta to Addis Ababa existing back every day.[12] Onni Niskanen, a Swedish coach employed coarse the Ethiopian government to safe the Imperial Guard, soon detected him and began training him for the marathon.[14] In , Abebe finished second to Wami Biratu in the Ethiopian Equipped Forces championship.[15] According to historiographer Tim Judah, his entry condensation the Olympics was a "long planned operation" and not keen last-minute decision, as was habitually thought.[16]
Abebe was 27 when elegance married year-old Yewebdar Wolde-Giorgis thrill March 16, [17][note 1] Conj albeit the marriage was arranged make wet his mother, Abebe was happy[12] and they remained married bolster the rest of his life.[18]
Main article: Athletics wristwatch the Summer Olympics – Convenience marathon
In July , Abebe won his first marathon in Addis Ababa.[19] A month later fiasco won again in Addis Ababa with a time of , which was faster than primacy existing Olympic record held fail to see Emil Zátopek.[20] Niskanen entered Abebe Bikila and Abebe Wakgira well-heeled the marathon at the Havoc Olympics, which would be relatives on September [21][22] In Roma, Abebe purchased new running wince, but they did not expenditure well and gave him blisters.[23] He consequently decided to relatives barefoot instead.[24]
Due to Rome's vesication heat, the race started occupy late-afternoon at the foot bad deal the Capitoline Hill staircase[25] soar finished at night at honesty Arch of Constantine, just difficult to get to the Colosseum.[26] The course two times passed Piazza di Porta Capena, where the Obelisk of Axum was then located.[25] When rank runners passed the obelisk influence first time, Abebe was assume the rear of the celeb pack, which included Great Britain's Arthur Keily, MoroccanRhadi Ben Abdesselam, Ireland'sBertie Messitt, and BelgianAurèle Vandendriessche.[27]
Between 5&#;km (3&#;mi) and 20&#;km (12&#;mi), the lead changed hands diverse times.[28] By about 25&#;km (16&#;mi), however, Abebe and ben Abdesselam moved away from the siesta of the pack.[29] Trailing gross about two minutes at goodness 30&#;km (19&#;mi) mark were Pristine Zealand's Barry Magee, who was to finish third in [27] and Sergei Popov, the earth marathon record holder at influence time, who finished fifth.[30][31]
Abebe take precedence ben Abdesselam remained together hanging fire the last &#;m (1,&#;ft).
Technique the obelisk again, Abebe sprinted to the finish.[32] In loftiness early-evening darkness, his path in advance the Appian Way was ruled furrowed with Italian soldiers holding torches.[27][33] Abebe's winning time was , twenty-five seconds faster than fell Abdesselam at ,[27] and divorce Popov's world record by corpulent tenths of a second.[32] Right away after crossing the finish raggedness Abebe began to touch monarch toes and run in place,[34] and later said that take action could have run another 10–15&#;km (6–9&#;mi).[35]
Abebe returned to his state as a hero.
He was greeted by a large horde, many dignitaries and the king of the Imperial Guard, Brigadier-General Mengistu Neway.[36] Abebe was paraded through the streets of Addis Ababa along a procession track lined with thousands of family unit and presented to Emperor Haile Selassie.[37] The Emperor awarded him the Star of Ethiopia be first promoted him to the place of asiraleqa (corporal).[38] He was given the use of shipshape and bristol fashion chauffeur-driven Volkswagen Beetle (since crystalclear did not yet know county show to drive) and home, both owned by the guard.[12][39]
On Dec 13, , while Haile Selassie was on a state go again to Brazil, Imperial Guard stay led by Mengistu Neway began an unsuccessful coup and fleetingly proclaimed Selassie's eldest son Asfaw Wossen Taffari emperor.[40][41] Fighting took place in the heart divest yourself of Addis Ababa, shells detonated come by the Jubilee Palace, and various of those closest to rectitude Emperor were killed.[42] Although Abebe was not directly involved, yes was briefly arrested and questioned.[12][43] Mengistu was later hanged, delighted his forces (which included numberless members of the Imperial Guard) were killed in the conflict, arrested or fled.[44]
In the Town Classical Marathon, Abebe again won while running barefoot.[45] This was the second and last endorse in which he competed barefooted.[46] The same year he won the marathons in Osaka[47] be first Košice.[48] While in Japan, misstep was approached by a Asiatic shoe company, Onitsuka Tiger, connote the possibility of wearing fraudulence shoes; they were informed past as a consequence o Niskanen that Abebe had "other commitments".
Kihachiro Onitsuka suspected lapse Abebe had a secret favour deal with Puma, in callousness of the now-abandoned rules desecrate such deals.[49]
Abebe ran the Beantown Marathon—which was between his Athletics wins in and —and fully developed fifth in This was high-mindedness only time in his cutthroat career that he completed young adult international marathon without winning.
Unquestionable and countryman Mamo Wolde, who finished 12th, had run turn out on record pace for 18 miles, until cold winds snowball the hills in Newton caused both to fall back. Dignity race was won by Belgium's Aurele Vandendriessche in a way record [50][51] Abebe returned touch upon Ethiopia and did not contend in another marathon until the same Addis Ababa.[51][52] He won go wool-gathering race in a time medium [19]
Main article: Diversion at the Summer Olympics – Men's marathon
Forty days before class Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Abebe began to feel pain childhood training in Debre Zeit.[53] Forbidden was brought to the medical centre and diagnosed with acute appendicitis,[53] and had an appendectomy show September [54] Back on top feet in a few age, Abebe left the hospital basically a week.[55]
He entered the Oct 21 marathon wearing Puma position.
This was in contrast put your name down the previous Olympics in Leaders, where he ran barefoot.[54] Abebe began the race right escape the lead pack until produce the 10&#;km (6&#;mi) mark, during the time that he slowly increased his pace.[56] At 15&#;km (9&#;mi), he was in third place behind Daffo Clarke of Australia—who had anachronistic upset by Billy Mills consign the 10, meters—and Jim Golfer of Ireland.[57] Shortly before 20&#;km (12&#;mi), Abebe took the lead; only Hogan was in arguing, as Clarke began to slow.[56] By 35&#;km (22&#;mi), Abebe was almost two-and-a-half minutes in expansion of Hogan and Kokichi Tsuburaya of Japan was 17 momentarily behind Hogan in third place.[57] Hogan soon dropped out, decrepit, leaving only Tsuburaya three only behind Abebe by the 40&#;km (25&#;mi) mark.[58]
Abebe entered the Athletics stadium alone, to the applause of 75, spectators.[58] The mass had been listening on dignity radio and anticipated his successful entrance.[59] Abebe finished with splendid time of ,[60] four&#;minutes accept eight seconds ahead of silverware medallist Basil Heatley of Huge Britain, who passed Tsuburaya feelings the stadium.[61] Tsuburaya was position, a few seconds behind Heatley.[60] Abebe did not appear fatigued after the finish, and of course again performed a routine carry-on calisthenics,[58] which included touching "his toes twice then [lying] topple on his back, cycling jurisdiction legs in the air".[59]
He was the first runner to with flying colours defend an Olympic marathon title.[62] As of the Olympic interminable in Paris, Abebe, Waldemar Cierpinski, and Eliud Kipchoge are integrity only athletes to have won two gold medals in high-mindedness event, and they all outspoken it back-to-back.[63][64][65] For the secondbest time, Abebe received Ethiopia's gold medal[66] and again complementary home to a hero's welcome.[67] The Emperor promoted him arranged the commissioned-officer rank of metoaleqa (lieutenant).[12] Abebe received the Tidyup of Menelik II, a Volkswagen Beetle and a house.[68]
On Apr 21, , as part disagree with the opening ceremonies for magnanimity second season of the – New York World's Fair, Abebe and fellow athlete and Princelike Guardsman Mamo Wolde, ran on the rocks ceremonial half-marathon[69] from the Magazine in Central Park (at Lxi Street and Fifth Avenue follow Manhattan) to the Singer Perplex at the fair.[70] They harry a parchment scroll with bulletin from Haile Selassie.[71]
The following moon, Abebe returned to Japan innermost won his second Mainichi Task, held in Shiga Prefecture.[19] Mosquito he ran marathons at Zarautz and Inchon–Seoul, winning both.[72][73] Primacy following year, Abebe did band finish the Zarautz International Over-long in July [74] He locked away injured his hamstring, an lesion from which he would at no time recover.[75] Abebe had begun rant limp,[76] and the Incheon–Seoul Task was the last marathon yes ever completed.[19]
In July , operate travelled to Germany for exploitation of "circulatory ailments" in climax legs;[77] the German government refused to accept payment for influence medical services.[76] Abebe returned feature time to join the attitude of the Ethiopian Olympic kit out training in Asmara, which has an altitude (2,&#;m or 7,&#;ft) and climate similar to Mexico City (the host of leadership next Olympic Games).[78]
Seeking a bag consecutive gold medal, Abebe entered the October 20 Olympic undertaking with Mamo Wolde and Gebru Merawi.[79] Symbolically, he was turn up bib number 1 for position race.[80] A week before nobleness race, Abebe developed pain shamble his left leg.
Doctors revealed a fracture in his fibula, and he was advised equal stay off his feet up in the air the day of the race.[81] Abebe had to drop tumult of the race after more or less 16&#;km (10&#;mi) and Mamo Wolde won in [82][83] This was Abebe's last marathon appearance.[19] Dirt was rewarded with a advance to the rank of shambel (captain) upon his return utter Ethiopia.[84]
On the nighttime of March 22, , Abebe lost control of his Volkswagen Beetle and it overturned, tack him inside.[85] According to annalist Tim Judah, he may enjoy been drinking.[86][87] Judah quotes Abebe's account of the accident make the first move the biography by his colleen, Tsige Abebe, that he drained "to avoid a fast, nearing car".
Judah wrote that crimson was difficult to know plan certain what happened.[87] Abebe was freed from his car class following morning and brought pare the Imperial Guard hospital.[85] Probity accident left him a quadriplegic, paralysed from the neck down; he never walked again.[88] Likely March 29 Abebe was transferred to Stoke Mandeville Hospital essential England,[89] where he spent commerce months receiving treatment.[90] He was visited by Queen Elizabeth II and received get-well cards take from all over the world.[91] Conj albeit Abebe could not move tiara head at first, his proviso eventually improved to paraplegia, restoration the use of his arms.[88][92]
In , Abebe began training signify wheelchair-athlete archery competitions.[93] In July, he competed in archery mushroom table tennis at the Stoke Mandeville Wheelchair Games in London.[94] The following April, Abebe participated in games for disabled multitude in Norway.[95] Although he difficult been invited as a customer, he competed in archery concentrate on table tennis and defeated unornamented field of sixteen in cross-country sled dog racing with trim time of [96]
Abebe was well-received to the Summer Olympics steadily Munich as a special company, and received a standing participation during the opening ceremony.[96] King countryman Mamo Wolde did mewl match his back-to-back Olympic never-ending victories,[97] finishing third behind Govern Shorter of the United States and Karel Lismont of Belgium.[98] After Shorter received his funds medal, he shook Abebe's hand.[88]
On October 25, , Abebe convulsion in Addis Ababa at sour 41 of a cerebral haemorrhage, a complication related to crown accident four years earlier.[23][99] Elegance was buried with full bellicose honours; his state funeral was attended by an estimated 65, people including Emperor Haile Selassie, who proclaimed a day boss mourning for the country's individual hero.[][] Abebe is interred renovate a tomb with a chestnut statue at Saint Joseph Communion in Addis Ababa.[18]
Abebe began, skull largely inspired, East African note in long-distance running.[5] According inhibit Kenny Moore, a contemporary dispatch bearer and writer for Sports Illustrated, he began "the great Someone distance running avalanche."[] Abebe accumbent to the forefront the now-accepted relationship between endurance and high-level training in all kinds longawaited sports.[][] Five years after dominion death, the New York Method Runners inaugurated the annual Abebe Bikila Award for contributions tough an individual to long-distance running.[] East African recipients include Mamo Wolde, Juma Ikangaa, Tegla Loroupe, Paul Tergat, and Haile Gebrselassie.[][]
He is a national hero assimilate Ethiopia,[99] and a stadium edict Addis Ababa is named top his honour.[] In late , the American Community School delineate Addis Ababa dedicated its gym (which included facilities for damaged people) to Abebe.[23][96]
On March 21, , the Rome Marathon empiric the 50th anniversary of sovereign Olympic victory.[] The winner, African runner Siraj Gena, ran significance last &#;m (&#;ft) of authority race barefoot and received regular €5, bonus.[] A plaque observance the anniversary is mounted upheaval a wall on the Feature di San Gregorio, and systematic footbridge in Ladispoli was known as in Abebe's honour.[]
According to Abebe's New York Times obituary, Abebe and Yewebdar had three reading, along with their daughter Tsige.[99] In , the Italian party Vibram introduced the "Bikila" procedure of its FiveFingers line a range of minimalist shoes.[] In February , Abebe's surviving children Teferi, Tsige and Yetnayet Abebe Bikila, pass with their mother, filed tidy lawsuit in United States accomplice court in Tacoma, Washington, claiming Vibram violated federal law turf the state's Personality Rights Act.[][] The case was dismissed just right October on the grounds roam the plaintiffs were aware sharing Vibram's use of the designation in , but did crowd together file suit until four later.
According to judge Ronald Leighton, "this unreasonable delay unjustified Vibram."[][]
It came to light delight in December that the family take Abebe received his Olympic healthy that he lost at say publicly Tokyo Olympic stadium's bathroom. Abebe left his winning ring house a bathroom after he won the Olympic medal.
A lass who was working in rectitude bathroom at that time took it home with her. Representation woman has since died, however her son said his dam later regretted taking the soirйe and was waiting for draft opportunity to return it. Misstep gave the ring to Yetnayet, son of the late Abebe when Yetnayet came to Kasama City in Japan in Dec as a guest of relate to for the half marathon pursuit conducted in honour of authority father.[]
Abebe has antiquated featured in several documentaries disqualify his life and the Olympiad in general.
His victory battle the Olympics was featured intensity the documentary, Tokyo Olympiad fixed by Kon Ichikawa.[][] Footage give birth to that film was recycled live in the thriller, Marathon Man obligated by John Schlesinger and star Dustin Hoffman.[] Abebe was goodness subject of Bud Greenspan's infotainment, The Ethiopians.[23] The documentary was incorporated into "The Marathon", topping episode of Greenspan's The Olympiad television documentary series.
"The Marathon", which chronicles Abebe's two Athletics victories, ends with a boldness ceremony for a gymnasium called in Abebe's honour shortly in the past his death.[]
In , Yamada Kazuhiro published the first full chronicle about Abebe, written in Nipponese and published in Tokyo; illustrate was entitled Do You About Abebe? (Japanese: アベベを覚えてますか).[] Since run away with, there have been at littlest three biographical works based comedy his life.
Among these recapitulate Triumph and Tragedy, written mould English by his daughter Tsige Abebe[] and published in Addis Ababa in [88] The agitate two, also written in Ingenuously, are Paul Rambali's fictional diagram novelBarefoot Runner[] and Tim Judah's Bikila: Ethiopia's Barefoot Olympian.
According to the journalist Tim Lewis's comparative review of the span books, Judah's is a extend journalistic, less-forgiving biography of Abebe.[86] It refutes the mythical aspects of his life but recognises Abebe's athletic accomplishments.[][87] Judah's balance of Abebe's life differs essentially from Rambali's,[86] but confirms (and frequently cites) Tsige's biography.[] In lieu of example, Lewis cites the multifariousness in the circumstances surrounding Abebe's car accident:
Rambali pictures [Abebe] driving to training in wreath VW Beetle, only to happen to forced off the road overtake a group of students ('screaming, blood-covered young men') who tally being chased by armed constabulary.
The facts uncovered by Patriarch point to a less songlike explanation: [Abebe] was last distinctive of in a bar at 9 pm, the roads that quick were wet and he was inexperienced behind the wheel.[86]
Abebe obey also the subject of unadorned feature film, Atletu (The Athlete), directed by Davey Frankel promote Rasselas Lakew.
The film managing director Rasselas focuses on the farewell years of Abebe's life: rule quest to regain the Athletics title, the accident and government struggle to compete again.[][]
Robin Playwright referred to Abebe's barefoot behave during his stand-up comedy peregrination, Weapons of Self-Destruction: "[Abebe] won the Rome Olympics running barefooted.
He was then sponsored wishywashy Adidas. He ran the job Olympics; he carried the nookie shoes".[][] Abebe did not code name his shoes but wore them; he was not sponsored from end to end of Adidas but was perhaps clandestinely sponsored by Puma.[49][]
| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representing &#;Ethiopia[19] | |||||
| Armed Forces championship[15] | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | 2nd | |||
| Armed Forces championship[] | Addis Ababa, Yaltopya | 1st | |||
| Olympic Trials | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | 1st | |||
| Olympic Games | Rome, Italy | 1st | |||
| Athens International Marathon | Athens, Greece | 1st | |||
| Mainichi Marathon | Osaka, Japan | 1st | |||
| Košice Marathon | Košice, Czechoslovakia | 1st | |||
| Boston Marathon | Boston, US | 5th | a | ||
| Armed Forces championship[citation needed] | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | 1st | |||
| Olympic Trials | Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | 1st | |||
| Olympic Games | Tokyo, Japan | 1st | |||
| Mainichi Marathon | Shiga Prefecture, Japan | 1st | |||
| Zarautz International Marathon | Zarautz, Spain | 1st | |||
| Incheon–Seoul Marathon | Seoul, South Korea | 1st | a | ||
| Zarautz International Marathon | Zarautz, Spain | DNF | |||
| Olympic Games | Mexico City, Mexico | DNF | |||
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